Retraction: Protective effects of transduced Tat-DJ-1 protein against oxidative stress and ischemic brain injury

No abstract available.

Parenting Stress in Mothers of Premature Infants

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to assess the parenting stress in mothers of premature infants and stress related characteristics of mothers and infants. METHODS: The methodology was a cross sectional survey study using self-report questionnaires. Participants in this study were 36 mothers of infants with corrected ages of 4 months to 12 months who were born prematurely. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation with the SPSS WIN 19.0 program. RESULTS: The mean score for parenting stress in mothers of premature infants was 74.639+/-17.570, indicating that the mothers actually experienced stress. When mothers were able to have some private time, parenting stress was statistically significantly lower. When the residential status was having one's own house and the local community provided informational support regarding child nurturing, there was a statistically significant decrease in the sub-category of particular infant temperament. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between mothers' depression and parenting stress. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that there is a need for nursing interventions to increase mothers' private time and to include informational support regarding health management of children including developmental status assessment from local communities.

Erratum: Chlorogenic Acid Improves Neuroprotective Effect of PEP-1-Ribosomal Protein S3 Against Ischemic Insult

On page 173, the incorrect image which was not submitted by the author was mistakenly printed for Fig. 5 by a system error of the editing company.

Protective effects of transduced Tat-DJ-1 protein against oxidative stress and ischemic brain injury

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of a number of neuronal diseases including ischemia. DJ-1, also known to PARK7, plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, acting as molecular chaperone and antioxidant. In the present study, we investigated whether DJ-1 protein shows a protective effect against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death in vitro and in ischemic animal models in vivo. To explore DJ-1 protein's potential role in protecting against ischemic cell death, we constructed cell permeable Tat-DJ-1 fusion proteins. Tat-DJ-1 protein efficiently transduced into neuronal cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Transduced Tat-DJ-1 protein increased cell survival against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) toxicity and also reduced intracellular ROS. In addition, Tat-DJ-1 protein inhibited DNA fragmentation induced by H2O2. Furthermore, in animal models, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Tat-DJ-1 protein prevented neuronal cell death induced by transient forebrain ischemia in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that transduced Tat-DJ-1 protein protects against cell death in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that the transduction of Tat-DJ-1 may be useful as a therapeutic agent for ischemic injuries related to oxidative stress.

Chlorogenic Acid Improves Neuroprotective Effect of PEP-1-Ribosomal Protein S3 Against Ischemic Insult

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) possesses various biological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. In the present study, we examined the effect of CGA on the transduction efficiency of PEP-1-ribosomal protein S3 (PEP-1-rpS3) into cells and brain tissues, and its neuroprotective potential against ischemia/reperfusion. We found that, in the presence of CGA, the transduction efficiency of PEP-1-rpS3 into astrocytes and the CA1 region of the hippocampus was enhanced, compared to its transduction in the absence of CGA. Also, cell viability data demonstrated that the sample treated with CGA + PEP-1-rpS3 exhibited improved cell viability against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced toxicity more significantly than the sample treated with PEP-1-rpS3 alone. Also, in a gerbil ischemia model, data demonstrated that following the ischemic insult, the group treated with PEP-1-rpS3 + CGA showed markedly enhanced protection of neuron cells in CA1 region of hippocampus, compared to those treated with CGA or PEP-1-rpS3 alone. Taken together, these results suggest that CGA may improve the transduction efficiency of protein transduction domain (PTD) fusion proteins into target cells or tissues, thereby enhancing their therapeutic potential against various diseases.

Causes of a Sudden Hypotension on Preanhepatic Stage during Liver Transplantation / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Various hemodynamic disturbances and a rapidly changing circulatory blood volume necessitate the proper management of fluid administration. The causes of sudden hypotension can be anticipated with the usual monitoring devices. However, more accurate diagnosis of such event can only be made by actual measurement of cardiac output. And such an event may be related to cardiac depression due to autonomic disturbances. To elucidate the cause of sudden unexplainable hypotension during the preanhepatic stage, we analysed the hemodynamic data of patients undergoing liver transplantation prospectively. METHODS: Patients were divided into a normal and a hypotensive group, according to the presence of an episode of hypotension. The hypotensive group was further divided into an explainable and an unexplainable group, if causes were known or not. Preoperative echocardiograms and Child-Pugh scors were also analysed. The normal and unexplainable hypotensive groups were compared using Mann-Whitney non-parametric, Chi-square and Wilcoxon-signed rank tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The incidence of hypotension was 25.2%. A severe unexplainable hypotensive episode occurred 9.3% of the the liver transplantations. Causes of hypotension were preload deficiency, vena caval compression, bleeding, and vagal reflex. Unexplainable hypotensive patients showed decreased ejection fraction (cardiac depression) and systemic vasodilatation. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest hepato-dyscirculatory syndrome is the main cause of unexplainable hypotension during the preanhepatic stage.

Effect of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor on Apoptosis in Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury of the Neonatal Rat Brain: 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is expressed during the late stage of ischemia and may play an important role in the delayed progression of ischemic brain injury. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of N-(3-[aminomethyl] benzyl] acetamidine (1,400 W), a selective inhibitor of iNOS on hypoxic ischemic injury in a neonatal rat model. METHODS: Seven-day old Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The right common carotid artery was ligated under halothane anesthesia. Three 3 hours after recovery, animals were exposed to 8% oxygen in 92% nitrogen. The treatment group (n = 14) received 7 intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg of 1,400 W. The first dose was given 18 hours after the injury and interval between injections was 8 hours. The control group (n = 13) did not receive 1,400 W. The degree of ischemic damage and apoptosis were evaluated 3 days after injury by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining. The authors obtained Lipid/N-acetyl aspartate (Lip/NAA) and lipid/ creatine (Lip/Cr) ratios as apoptotic markers via 1H MRS, and counted the apoptotic cell number by TUNEL staining in the right hemisphere. Data were analyzed using the unpaired t-test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the Lip/NAA or Lip/Cr ratios of the 2 groups, and no significant differences were found in terms of the number of TUNEL positive cells between 2 groups, either. CONCLUSIONS: The iNOS inhibitor investigated did not show protective effects against delayed neuronal damage and apoptosis after the hypoxic-ischemic injury in newborn rats, at least during the 3 days following injury. Our results suggest that NO has different roles in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia according to the stage of neonatal cerebral development.

Airway Partial Obstruction by Internal Hermiation of Armored Endotracheal Tube: A case report / 대한구급학회지

During general anesthesia, intubation with kink-resistant armored tubes permit the anesthesiologist to work some distance from the surgical field during operation on the head and neck or with patients whose unusual position may kink and obstruct a tube not so reinforced. But armored tubes are still subject to number of hazards, including herniation of the intra-luminal cuff or layer into the lumen of the tube. So extra care is required in their use. We report a case of intraluminal herniation of armored tube accompanied with peak inspiratory pressure during general anesthesia.

A comparison of thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha techniques in ribbon-shaped canals : adaptation to canal walls / 대한치과보존학회지

The aim of this study is to compare the adaptability of thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha technique to the canal walls in ribbon-shaped canals. Thirty resin models simulated ribbon-shape canals were instrumented to #40 using .06 taper Profile systems. Three groups of each 10 resin models were obturated by the lateral condensation technique(LC) and the two thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha technique; Ultrafil Endoset+Obtura II(EO) and Ultrafil Firmset(UF), respectively. After resin model were kept at room temperature for 4 days, they were resected horizontally with microtome at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm levels from apex. At each levels, image of resected surface were taken using CCD camera under a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification and stored. Ratio of the area of gutta-percha was obtained by calculating area of gutta-percha cone to the total area of canal using digitized image-analyzing program. The data were collected then analyzed statistically using One-way ANOVA. The results were as follows. 1. At 1mm levels, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean ratio of gutta-percha among the groups. 2. At 2mm level, EO showed the highest mean ratio of gutta-percha (p<0.05) and there was no significant difference between LC and UF. 3. At 3, 4, 5mm levels, EO and UF had significantly greater mean ratio of gutta-percha than LC(p<0.05) and there was no significant difference between EO and UF. In conclusion, the thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha techniques demonstrated relatively favorable adaptability to canal walls than lateral condensation technique in ribbon-shaped canals except for 1mm level.

Effects of Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor on Hypoxic-ischemic Injury in the Neonatal Rat Brain: 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Study / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) has been described as an important candidate for mediation of neurotoxicity after brain ischemia. This study was purposed to evaluate the effects of a PARP inhibitor on hypoxic-ischemic injury in the neonatal rat brain. In this study, a highly potent inhibitor of PARP, 3, 4-Dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl) butoxy]-1 (2H)-isoquinolinone (DPQ) was investigated. METHODS: Seven-day old Sprague-Dawley rat pups were used. The right common carotid artery was ligated under halothane anesthesia. After a recovery period of 3 hours, they were exposed to 8% oxygen at 37degreesC for about 120 minutes. The animals were divided into four groups: the pre-treatment group (n = 13) and post-treatment group (n = 21) were given DPQ 10 mg/kg and the pre-control group (n = 7) and post-control group (n = 14) were given a vehicle for controls. Pre-treatment and pre-control groups were injected 30 minutes prior to the hypoxic injury while post-treatment and post-control groups were injected 30 minutes after the hypoxic period intraperitoneally. The right cerebral hemisphere of the rats were examined with localized (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy on day 1 and 7 after the hypoxic insult. Lipid/N-acetyl aspartate (Lip/NAA) and lipid/creatine (Lip/Cr) ratios were used as apoptotic markers. On day 14, the degree of brain injury was scored by morphological changes. RESULTS: In the DPQ treated groups, the Lip/NAA and Lip/Cr ratios were lower than those of the control groups on day 1 after the hypoxic-ischemic injury (P < 0.05). However on day 7, only the ratios of the pre-treatment group were lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The degree of morphological changes of the brain injury on day 14 were lower in the DPQ treated groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that DPQ exerts a neuroprotective effect in cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury probably by inhibiting apoptosis especially in the early stage after an insult. Acute inhibition of PARP can have a therapeutic value in preventing ischemic brain injury.

Measurement of Auto-PEEP in Anesthetized Patients Using a Laser-Flex Endotracheal Tube with Changes in Respiratory Rates and Tidal Volume / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to detect and quantify auto-positive end-expiratory pressure (auto-PEEP) in anesthetized patients using a Laser-Flex endotracheal tube (Mallincrodt, ID, 6.0 mm), by comparing the effects of changes in tidal volume and respiratory rate. METHODS: All patients (n = 30) undergoing elective surgery were anesthetized, paralyzed and intubated with a ID 8.0 mm endotracheal tube (n = 10, control), ID 6.0 mm endotracheal tube (n = 10, group S), or ID 6.0 mm Laser-Flex endotracheal tube (n = 10, group L), respectively. After anesthetic induction, ventilator settings using a Siemens Servo 900C were changed for a tidal volume of 8, 10 ml/kg, respiratory rates of 10, 12 or 14 breaths/min. Peak airway pressure was measured and auto-PEEP was quantified using an end-expiratory occlusion method. Data recorded on the Bicore CP-100 pulmonary monitor was transfered to a PC and analyzed by processing software (ANADAT). RESULTS: In group S and L, peak airway pressure and auto-PEEP were higher than control group and increased during an increase in tidal volume (P < 0.05). But they were increased significantly during an increase of respiratory rate, only when the tidal volume was 10 ml/kg (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase of auto-PEEP in anesthetized patients using a Laser-Flex endotracheal tube during incremental changes of tidal volume and respiratory rates.

A Study on the Degree of Physical Psychological and Social Adaptation of CVA Patients / 기본간호학회지

This study was made on 274 apoplectics patients who received the rehabilitation therapy and tests on physical, psychological and social adaptations as outpatients in 23 general hospitals in the Seoul and Kyungi area. The basic data on degree of improvement of apoplectic patients studied from rehabilitation therapy. Data was collected over a period of 63 days, from February 21st till April, 23, 1996. The assigned physical therapist conducted direct interviews with patients after he answered the distributed questionnaires for each individual patient. The collected data was processed by the SPCC/C+ method. The results of the tests conducted to meascne the degree of ADL dependency, depression and social activity corresponding to the physical, psychological, and social adaptation. The details are; 1) The test to meascne the degree of ADL dependency, corresponding to the study of physical adaptation of CVA patients, indicated a mean score of 2.57 (ideal score is 1.0) with a standard deviation of +/-0.75. The worst score was 3.95 while the best score was a perfect 1.0, representing a severe range of dependency. The distribution was centered with a median of 2.65 and a mode of 2.68. 2) The test to meascne the degree of depression which corresponds to the level of psychological adaptation yielded a mean of 2.99 which is higher than the normal limit of 2.45. The standard deviation was +/-0.52 and the worst score and the best score were 4.35 and Respectively. The distribution was centered with a median of 3.00 and a mode of 3.00. 3) The test to meascne the degree of social activities for the level of social adaptation indicated a very low mean score of 26.52 (perfect score is 144), with the standard deviation of +/-16.23. Some patients scored as high as 100, but others scored as low as 3. The distribution of social activities at a very low level was shifted to the left with a median of 24.00 and a mode of 20.00. 4) Factors influencing the level of physical, psychological and social adaptation are as follows: Factors significantly influencing the level of physical adaption measured by ADL dependency are age, personal guardian, payer of medical expenses, and paralysis of the right arm, right leg and facial paralysis. Factors significantly influencing the level of psychological adaptation measured by the degree of depression are age, marital status, education, medical history of individual and family, speech impediment, and facial paralysis. Factors significantly influencing the level of social adaptation measured by the degree of social activity are age, marital status, education, employment status, and the burden of medical expense. 5) The Corelationship is significant (9.00), between ADL depending as degree of physical adaptation and depression as degree of psychological adaptation. ADL dependency is proportional to depression. But social activity is inversely portional to ADL dependency and depression. In conclusion, the increased care for physical function of the patients is not the only necessary means to better facilitate the appropriate adaptation of CVA patients. The introduction of a solid rehabilitation program for psychological and social adaptation will also play the integral part of the treatment of CVA patients.